施氮量对油后直播棉花产量、品质及生物量的影响

为研究施氮量对油后直播棉花生物量累积特征及其与产量、品质的关系,于2016-2017年在湖南常德设置了施氮量分别为0、90、180、270、360 kg·hm^-2氮肥水平试验。结果表明,在施氮量为0~360 kg·hm^-2范围内,施氮量越大棉株营养器官生物量累积越多,而棉株生殖器官生物量则在施氮量为270 kg·hm^-2时累积最多;皮棉产量、成铃数和单铃重均在施氮量为270 kg·hm^-2时达到最大;0~270 kg·hm^-2范围内,衣分随施氮量增加而增加。在施氮量为270 kg·hm^-2条件下,纤维长度和断裂比强度最高;适宜施氮量有利于纤维长度、断裂比强度的提高和马克隆值的优化,对伸长率和整齐度基本无影响。综上所述,适宜施氮量可提高棉花的产量、品质,洞庭湖棉区适宜的施氮量为180~250 kg·hm^-2。本研究结果为环洞庭湖棉区的氮肥合理运筹提供了技术参考。     

解决聚丙烯芯钢丝绳生产过程中钢丝“塌陷”（或间隙不均）及绳径超差问题

本文从生产制造角度来分析解决聚丙烯芯钢丝绳生产过程中易出现的钢丝塌陷、钢丝间隙不均及绳径超差等问题。与天然纤维芯相比，聚丙烯芯是一种合成纤维芯，除具有质轻、弹性好、不怕霉蛀等特性外，同时还具有较好的抗挤压性，因此，生产过程中，对聚丙烯芯直径公差的控制比对天然纤维芯直径公差的控制更为严格，如聚丙烯芯直径选择不当，易会出现股中钢丝塌陷(或钢丝间隙不均)、绳径超差等问题。笔者结合生产实际情况，从控制聚丙烯绳芯(股芯)直径公差入手，找出聚丙烯芯直径的计算值与其实测值之间合适的比例范围，对正确选择聚丙烯绳芯(股芯)直径大小，满足钢丝绳生产工艺要求，优化工艺参数，提高钢丝绳结构的稳定性和机台生产作业率有着重要的作用。     

苎麻单纤维断裂强力统计特征研究

为了研究苎麻单纤维断裂强力的全貌与分布规律,通过采用等速伸长法测得其断裂强力,根据断裂强力的频数直方图的分布趋势,用正态分布的偏度、峰度等参数对其进行分析,用Q-Q图与Kolmogorov-Smirnov（以下简称K-S）检验法检验苎麻单纤维强力的正态性,总体上服从正态分布规律,但有一定偏差,不对称,为右偏尖峰态。同时提出了建立在统计基础上的苎麻单纤维断裂强力指标体系,即运用主体断裂强力、品质断裂强力、平均断裂强力、弱强纤维断裂强力和超强纤维强断裂力五个指标来表征单纤维断裂强力。     

种植密度和化控对小麦后直播棉纤维品质的影响

为明确种植密度和化控对小麦后直播棉纤维品质的调控效应,以特早熟品种‘国欣早11-1’为研究材料,研究种植密度配合棉太金化控对小麦后直播种植方式下棉纤维品质的影响。结果表明:随着种植密度的增加棉纤维长度、比强度逐渐降低,马克隆值、纤维长度和比强度受棉太金调控效应较为明显。低种植密度下上部棉纤维比强度高,棉太金施用量为1 170 m L/hm~2有利于中下部棉纤维比强度的提高。中高种植密度下棉太金施用量为1 170 m L/hm~2时,有利于棉株各部位纤维马克隆值保持在适宜范围内。综上,在密度为90 000株/hm~2、棉太金化控用量1 170 m L/hm~2时有利增强棉花整株的纤维品质,且有利于棉株上部和下部纤维马克隆值的优化,及纤维长度、纤维比强度和成熟度的提高。     

Fishmeal availability in the scenarios of climate change: Inevitability of fishmeal replacement in aquafeeds and approaches for the utilization of plant protein sources

Fishmeal is being trusted as the most reliable protein source due to its nutritional quality in terms of attractability, palatability, digestibility, excellent nutrient profiles to fulfil the dietary requirement of aquatic species. The aquaculture sector consumes >70% of global fishmeal, though aqua feeds constitute only 4% in total industrial feed production (900–1,000 Mt in 2018). The global fishmeal production has shown a downward trend of 26.50% during 2000 to 2018 due to the occurrences of El Niño–Southern Oscillationsand other climatic events, which in turn increased the fishmeal price from 452 USD/t (2000) to 1596.54 USD/t (2018). The increasing trend of aquaculture production along with reduced fish‐in/fish‐out ratios (0.63 in 2000 to 0.33, 0.22 in 2010 and 2015 respectively) indicates the resilience of the aquafeed sector for fishmeal replacement. The wide availability, reasonable price and reliable nutrient content made an interest in plant protein sources, but their utilization was limited due to poor digestibility, imbalanced profiles of essential nutrients and the presence of anti‐nutrients. Numerous methodologies are invented in recent times to enrich the nutritional qualities for maximizing the utilization of plant proteins in aquafeed formulations. The present review concludes that the aquafeed sector should use climate economics and technological innovations for substituting fishmeal to formulate the cost‐effective feeds.     

棉花蔗糖合成酶基因家族在纤维发育期时空表达模式分析

蔗糖合成酶(Sucrose Synthase)是调控植物糖类代谢的关键酶之一,在植物生长发育及渗透调节过程中起着重要的作用。该酶为多基因家族,各成员在植物不同组织及不同发育阶段发挥不同的作用。陆地棉(Gossypium hirsutum)中有15个Sus成员,本研究利用转录组高通量测序及实时定量PCR技术,检测了该基因家族的表达模式。结果表明,Gh Sus1D、Gh Sus3A、Gh Sus3D和Gh Sus6D在起始期(0~3 DPA)大量表达;GhSus7D在10 DPA的纤维中表达量快速增加,达到同期突变体胚珠的4.7倍;Gh Sus1A、Gh Sus5D在纤维伸长期(5~15 DPA)表达量显著高于胚珠,分别在10 DPA、15 DPA时达到峰值;Gh Sus3A、Gh Sus3D、和Gh Sus6D在纤维发育(15 DPA)时表达量重新上升,且在20 DPA时仍处于较高表达水平。Sus基因家族组织表达模式分析表明,它们在陆地棉品种徐州142野生型和突变体中的组织表达模式基本相同,根、茎、叶、花中没有显著差异。但不同Sus基因具有不同的组织表达特异性。     

Correlation Analysis on the Fineness and Single Fiber Strength of Alpaca Wool Fiber

In this study,321 samples were tested to evaluate the correlation between fineness and single fiber strength of alpaca fiber. The results showed that fineness average of lateral part was 24.30 μm,subject range was from 18.01 to 27.00 μm,accounted for 72% of the total samples;The strength average was 8.31 cN,subject range was from 5.01 to 11.00 cN, accounted for 88% of the total samples, it showed that the overall fineness of alpaca wool fiber was fine,the strength could satisfy the textile technology. The correlation results showed that the fineness of different parts (neck, shoulder, thigh, abdomen, lateral and back) in different groups (sex, age) all reflected that the wool fiber of the back was the finest,the strength was the minimal;And that of abdomen was the thickest,the strength was the maximum. On the other hand, we knew the greater the strength, the fineness was thicker; The smaller the strength, the fineness was finer from the distribution of different fineness range corresponded to the strength. In addition, there was also a positive correlation between them in differernt groups (sex,age),the fineness of adult alpaca was thicker than yearling alpaca, the male alpaca was thicker than female alpaca; The strength of adult alpaca was stronger than yearling alpaca, the male alpaca was stronger than female alpaca. The above results showed that the fineness of alpaca wool fiber was positively correlated with the single fiber strength.     

棉花纤维中木质素的相对分子量

分子量是聚合物的重要特性之一,木质素的分子量及其分布是研究苯丙烷类结构的反应、物理化学特性和评价其改性产物质量的内容之一。本研究以陆地棉TM-1成熟纤维为材料,分别利用酶解-温和酸解木质素法和二氧六环法提取棉纤维中木质素,结合凝胶渗透色谱法(gel permeation chromatography,GPC)调查和评价2种方法获得的棉纤维中木质素的相对分子量。结果表明,经二氧六环处理提取的棉花纤维中的木质素(dioxane lignin,DL)的重均分子量为2924g mol~(–1)、数均分子量2403 g mol~(–1),略高于由酶解-温和酸解处理提取的木质素(enzymatic hydrolysis-mild acidolysis lignin,EMAL)的重均分子量(2169 g mol~(–1))和数均分子量(1970 g mol~(–1)),EMAL的多分散系数稍低,说明木质素的均一性比DL高。表明EMAL法提取的木质素更适用于分析棉纤维中木质素的相对分子量。利用EMAL法分析棉纤维中木质素相对分子量表明,不同棉花品种的木质素重均分子量分布范围为938~2169 g mol~(–1),数均分子量分布范围为857~1970 g mol~(–1),多分散性系数在1.09~1.74间,均小于2。重均分子量与纤维马克隆值呈显著负相关,数均分子量与纤维长度呈显著负相关,与纤维马克隆值呈极显著负相关。     

Mapping QTL of Fiber Yield and Quality Traits in F2 Populations of Chromosome Segment Substitution Lines from Gossypium hirsutum × Gossypium barbadense

In this study, F₂ populations from two chromosome segment substitution lines MBI7455 and MBI7358, were quantified using SSR to evaluate the parents' genotype and detect QTL related to fiber quality plus yield traits of cotton. Results show that the recurrent parent (CCRI45) hosted 96.70% and 95.60% of chromosome segment substitution in MBI7455 with 12 chromosome segments and in MBI7358 with 16 chromosome substitution segments of Gossypium barbadense, respectively. In the F₂ population, the average rate of chromosome substitution of the recurrent parent (CCRI45) was 96.44%, and the average segments of chromosome substitution of Gossypium barbadense was 13.42, with an average segments of homozygous donor chromosome value of 3.90. Analysis showed 19 fiber quality-related QTL with a phenotypic variance of between 2.52%-13.11% and seven yield traits-related QTL with a range of 2.93%-11.40% phenotypic variance, resulting in a total of 26 QTL. The CSSLs could be used to detect QTL for fiber yield and quality traits, which offer an important foundation for the cotton molecular-assisted breeding.     

Kruppel样因子15对脂肪沉积和肌纤维类型的影响及其可能机制

Kruppel样因子15(KLF15)是一种新发现的Kruppel样因子家族(KLFs)成员,为一种真核锌指蛋白转录因子。KLF15在动物体内呈现多组织表达特性,该基因过表达能促进动物脂肪沉积,且能影响肉质性状候选基因和Ⅰ型肌纤维基因的表达。因此,深入研究KLF15对脂肪沉积和肌纤维类型的影响及其可能机制,将为改善动物肉品质提供新的思路。本文综述了KLF15的发现、结构特征、表达规律及其与脂肪沉积和Ⅰ型肌纤维之间的关系。